![]() ![]() 1 Passage 3 Question 15īiology Question Pack, Vol. 1 Passage 3 Question 13īiology Question Pack, Vol. 1 Passage 2 Question 8īiology Question Pack, Vol. Official Guide B/B Section Passage 4 Question 16īiology Question Pack, Vol. ![]() Myelogenous leukemia and two chemotherapeutic agentsĪ clinical approach to anemia: solve the case Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency Albumin (produced by the liver) is the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood – increases in albumin in the blood lead to an increase in interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and therefore an increase in blood pressure. This is controlled when the kidneys either retain water or allow water to be expelled and also balancing the amount of sodium and other vital ions that are either kept or lost in the urine. The kidney plays a pivotal role in the regulation of plasma by controlling the plasma volume and red blood cell mass. Old or faulty red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen through a process called hemolysis. Other components in the plasma include proteins, which assist with maintaining pH and osmotic balance while giving viscosity to the blood antibodies, or specialized proteins that are important for defense against viruses and bacteria lipids, including cholesterol, which are transported in the serum and various other substances including nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, and external substances, such as drugs, viruses, and bacteria.Įrythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced continuously in the bone marrow of large bones. Plasma, the liquid component of blood, is similar to interstitial fluid in which the correct composition of key ions acting as electrolytes is essential for normal functioning of muscles and nerves. Small cell fragments called platelets are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes that are involved in the clot formation. They have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.īlood must form clots to heal wounds and prevent excess blood loss. The morphology of white blood cells differs significantly from red blood cells. White blood cells are formed continually some live only for hours or days, while some live for years. White blood cells also called leukocytes (also known as macrophages) are primarily involved in the immune response to identify and target pathogens, such as invading bacteria, viruses, and other foreign organisms. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that uses iron to carry oxygen (it transports carbon dioxide as well). In mammals, red blood cells are small, biconcave cells that, at maturity, do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria they are only 7–8 µm in size. Red blood cells or erythrocytes are specialized cells that circulate through the body delivering oxygen to other cells, are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. The components of blood include plasma (the liquid portion, which contains water, proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose ), red blood cells and white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets. ![]()
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